Unos científicos aseguran que esta rara especie halló la manera de vivir sin machos y de subsistir a través de la clonación. Se trata de un insecto híbrido, es decir, es el resultado del cruce entre otras dos especies.
Una especie australiana de saltamontes «renunció» al sexo hace unos 250.000 años y su evolución hizo que se reproduzca solamente mediante la clonación, según un estudio publicado el jueves (02.06.2022) en la revista Science.
Este insecto, cuyos ejemplares son siempre femeninos y conocido como Warramaba Virgo, habita en zonas áridas del sur de Australia y es una rara especie «partenogenética» debido a que sus óvulos pueden convertirse en embriones sin la necesidad de ser fecundado por espermatozoides.
Sobrevivencia a través de la eliminación de los machos
La «renuncia» al sexo en las especies partenogenéticas se vincula al gran coste de energía durante el apareamiento y el riesgo a ser devorados por sus depredadores, según explicaron los autores del estudio, el biólogo Michael Kearney y su compañero Ary Hoffmann, ambos de la Universidad de Melbourne.
«La eliminación de los machos disminuye estos riesgos», precisaron los expertos.
Un antiguo saltamontes híbrido
Después de analizar más de 1.500 marcadores moleculares, los científicos también concluyeron que el origen de las Warramaba Virgo se debe a un híbrido producido hace miles de años entre dos especies sexuales de saltamontes autóctonos, la Warramaba Whitei y la Warramaba Flavolineata.
«Solo un apareamiento híbrido entre Whitei y Flavolineata fue el responsable de producir Virgo en primer lugar, hace unos 250.000 años, una estimación que basamos en el número y la naturaleza de las mutaciones que se habían acumulado en la especie partenogenética», detalló el estudio.
El insecto encontró la manera de vivir y reproducirse sin sexo.
Las «desventajas» de no tener sexo
Sin embargo, el sexo sirve para «recombinar» los genes, por lo que la ausencia del proceso sexual puede provocar una acumulación de malas mutaciones genéticas e impide que las especies partenogenéticas puedan adaptarse a un medio ambiente cambiante, así como también a la presencia de nuevos parásitos.
La especie de saltamonte estudiada, por ejemplo, carece de algunas ventajas en comparación con sus antecesoras como: la tolerancia al calor y al frío, el número menor de huevos que ponen, el tamaño de sus huevos, el tiempo que tardan en madurar y la duración de su vida, recogió el estudio.
Sin embargo, este saltamontes crece proporcionalmente más rápido que otras especies similares que se reproducen sexualmente, debido a que toda su población es hembra.
JU (efe, theconversation.com, unimelb.edu.au)
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